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Explanation: The precise translation is context-driven and depends on the circumstances; the location (barracks, security zone, etc.) and the unit size (company, battalion, regiment etc.). "Man on duty" is a safe general translation, but if you are handing in weapons at an armoury, guardhouse etc. it is more likely to be to a duty NCO. Then again, it could be a duty officer in other contexts....
Source: Russian - English / English - Russian Military Dictionary, Joint Technical Language Service, British Army, published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1983.
Thank you, Frank for clarification. In English, an officer itself might be used for "enlisted man" (who is below the rank of officer.) But in the Russian army, we can't use "an officer" or "orderly" for dnevalniy. An enlisted man or woman is a member of the United States armed forces who is below the rank of officer. (from dictionary). I thought: the Asker's intention is to clarify the meaning for the both terms and distinguish them. Otherwise, he wouldn't ask if the answer was just duty officer and dictionary variants for dnevalniy. I totally agree with you, Frank, regarding the officer (usage in general).
In English, an officer is a person who holds certain authority and does not need to be commissioned. For example, a police officer is just a functionary. Other definitions: 1. One who holds an office of authority or trust in an organization, such as a corporation or government. 1. (Military) a person in the armed services who holds a position of responsibility, authority, and duty, esp one who holds a commission https://www.thefreedictionary.com/officer
There is no such a thing like "dnevalniy" in the US army and in the armed forces of NATO countries. That's why it is everywhere translated as "orderly" which may have closer meaning, but it's slightly different from the actual meaning applicable to the Soviet or Russian armed forces. The context is related to the Soviet or Russian armed forces, so I think translation should be the same as in the context. And "Дежурный" is not an officer (а военнослужащий, входящий в сержантский состав), but a noncommissioned officer or under officer (в армии офицер отдает приказы а сержант обеспечивает их исполнение). Sometimes, a soldier could replace them. (Common Soldiers or enlisted and under officers can be Dejurniys). Dnevalniy is a helper for a dejurniy.
In some dictionaries it is an "orderly". It might be in other contexts. An Orderly is a soldier who carries orders or performs minor tasks for an officer. It can be rendered as "dejurniy" in general. But the "dnevalniy" in this context is slightly different than the one in the dictionary, IMHO. It means: Рядовой, назначаемый на сутки в помощь дежурному для поддержания порядка в подразделениях, охраны имущества и др. a Soldier, (of course enlisted one) who helps a man on duty, I am more inclined to barrack attendant or enlisted man on duty.
As a side-note, the 'barrack-room' is so delightfully late Victorian that it might just be the perfect vessel for the largely exotic (ex)Soviet Army barracks lifestyle (since they, especially in the USA, have long since moved on to more individualised housing arrangements).
Do I have to draw you a Venn diagram to show that, while a soldier on fatigue duty can perform all manner of non-combat tasks, a дневальный cannot? Such unnecessary generalisation (translating a hyponym with a hyperonym) is just sloppy work (and makes for hilarious translation errors; just imagine handing your rifle to a guy digging latrines or peeling potatoes)
Man on duty-дежурный enlisted man on duty (as an assistant)-дневальный Должна быть разница между ними в переводе, You can't render the both as man on duty? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sv4fm19humE кто такой дневальный? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=92MmTGDgL0M Все нестроевые обязанности, хозяйственные работы в армии называется fatigue duty. Увидев в гугле что-то и сразу прийти к выводу (напр. digging trenches) тоже не логично.
Дежурный и дневальный - одно и то же? Нет конечно, man on duty - дежурный, а как дневальный тогда? Дневальный- Рядовой, назначаемый на сутки в помощь дежурному для поддержания порядка в подразделениях, охраны имущества и др Вообще то они срочники. а duty officer сюда вообще не подходит.
Frank Szmulowicz, Ph. D. United States Local time: 08:13 Works in field Native speaker of: English, Polish PRO pts in category: 36
6 hrs confidence: peer agreement (net): +4
Duty officer, duty NCO, man on duty
Explanation: The precise translation is context-driven and depends on the circumstances; the location (barracks, security zone, etc.) and the unit size (company, battalion, regiment etc.). "Man on duty" is a safe general translation, but if you are handing in weapons at an armoury, guardhouse etc. it is more likely to be to a duty NCO. Then again, it could be a duty officer in other contexts....
Source: Russian - English / English - Russian Military Dictionary, Joint Technical Language Service, British Army, published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1983.
WS McCallum New Zealand Local time: 00:13 Works in field Native speaker of: English PRO pts in category: 4