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Translation glossary: Chemitry II

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Laerte da Silva
Laerte da Silva
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hydridea compound containing just hydrogen and another element, most often a metal. Examples: water (H2O), methane (CH4) and phosphine (PH3). 
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HydrocarbonMolecule which contains only hydrogen and carbon. Type of organic molecule. 
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hydrocarbona compound in which only hydrogen and carbon atoms are present. Most fuels are hydrocarbons, as is the simple plastic, polyethene. Example: methane CH 
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hydrogen bonda type of attractive force that holds one molecule to another. It is one of the weaker forms of intermolecular attractive force. Example: hydrogen bon 
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hydrogen bondingStrong type of intermolecular dipole-dipole atttraction. Occurs between hydrogen and F, O or N. 
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hydrolysisWhen water reacts with another substance and as a result the oxygen in water makes a bond with the substance. 
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hydroushydrated with water. 
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ideal gas lawPV=nRT Describes the relationship between pressure (P), temperature (T), volume (V), and moles of gas (n). It is not completely accurate, and becomes 
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identityA math property which states: A+0=A and A*1=A. 
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ignition temperaturethe temperature at which a substance begins to burn. 
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immisciblewill not mix with another substance. e.g. oil and water. 
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incandescentglowing or shining with heat. Example: tungsten filament in an incandescent light bulb. 
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incomplete combustioncombustion in which only some of the reactant or reactants combust, or the products are not those that would be obtained if all the reactions went to 
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induction periodthe time taken for a reaction to reach ignition temperature. During this period, no apparent reaction occurs, then the materials appear to undergo spo 
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inertunreactive. 
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inhibitora substance that prevents a reaction from occurring. 
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inorganic substancea substance that does not contain carbon and hydrogen. Examples: NaCl, CaCO3. 
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insolublea substance that will not dissolve. 
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Intermediary productSee \"transition structure\" 
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intermolecular forcesForces between molecules. 
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intramolecular forcesForces within molecules. Forces caused by the attraction and repulsion of charged particles. 
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inverseA math property which states: A+(-A)=0 and A*(1/A)=1 
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IonAtom or group of atoms which has a net charge, ie, there are not enough electrons to properly balance out the charge of the nuclei. 
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ionan atom, or group of atoms, that has gained or lost one or more electrons and so developed an electrical charge. Ions behave differently from electric 
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ion to form a base.conjugate base A substance which can gain a H 
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ion to form an acid.convection the exchange of heat energy with the surroundings produced by the flow of a fluid due to being heated or cooled. 
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ion-dipole forcesIntermolecular force that exist between charged particles and partially charged molecules. 
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ionic bondthe form of bonding that occurs between two ions when the ions have opposite charges. Example: sodium cations bond with chloride anions to form common 
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ionic bondsWhen two oppositely charged atoms share at least one pair of electrons but the electrons spend more time near one of the atoms than the other. 
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ionic compounda compound that consists of ions. Example: NaCl. 
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ionisationa process that creates ions. 
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ioniseto break up neutral molecules into oppositely charged ions or to convert atoms into ions by the loss of electrons. 
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Ionization energyAmount of energy required to remove one electron from an atom. 
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ionization energyEnergy required to remove an electron from a specific atom. 
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ionizesWhen a substance breaks into its ionic components. 
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IsomerHaving the same number of atoms of each element as another molecule. L 
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isotopeone of two or more atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons in their nucleus (atomic number), but which have a different number 
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isotopesElements with the same number of protons but have different numbers of neutrons, and thus different masses. K 
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kelvinThe SI Unit of temperature. It is the degrees celsius plus 273. 
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kinetic energyEnergy an object has because of its mass and velocity. Objects that don\'t move have no kinetic energy. (Kinetic Energy=0.5* mass*velocity2. 
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Kipp\'s apparatusa special piece of glassware consisting of three chambers, designed to provide a continuous and regulated production of gas by bringing the reactants 
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latent heatthe amount of heat that is absorbed or released during the process of changing state between gas, liquid or solid. For example, heat is absorbed when 
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latticea regular arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules in a crystalline solid. 
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LCAOLinear Combination of Atomic Orbitals: An approximation which sums atomic orbitals (with certain coefficients) to produce molecular bonding and anti-b 
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Le Chatlier\'s principleLe Chatlier\'s principle States that a system at equilibrum will oppose any change in the equilibrium conditions. 
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leachingthe extraction of a substance by percolating a solvent through a material. Example: when water flows through an ore, some of the heavy metals in it ma 
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Lewis structuresA way of representing molecular structures based on valence electrons. 
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Liebig condensera piece of glassware consisting of a sloping water-cooled tube. The design allows a volatile material to be condensed and collected. 
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lime (quicklime)|limecalcium oxide (CaO). A white, caustic solid, manufactured by heating limestone and used for making mortar, fertiliser or bleach. 
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limewateran aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide, used especially to detect the presence of carbon dioxide. 
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