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Translation glossary: Chemitry II

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Laerte da Silva
Laerte da Silva
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electromotive force (emf)|electromotive forcethe force set up in an electric circuit by a potential difference. 
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ElectronSubatomic particle (with wave-like qualities!), negatively charged. Found in all atoms; balances charge of nucleus. 
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electrona tiny, negatively charged particle that is part of an atom. The flow of electrons through a solid material such as a wire produces an electric curren 
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Electron AffinityThe energy released when an electron is added to an atom. 
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Electron cloudPhysical space where the electron\'s wavefunction indicates it has a high probability of appearing (where it spends almost all of its time). 
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electron configurationthe pattern in which electrons are arranged in shells around the nucleus of an atom. Example: chlorine has the configuration 2, 8, 7. 
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Electron densityA measure of the \"thickness\" of the electron cloud in a given place, eg, the probability of the electron\'s presence. Function defined over all spac 
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electron geometryStructure of a compound based on the arrangement of its electrons. 
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Electron structureWay of accounting for the shape of an electron cloud. Indicates which orbitals are occupied. 
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ElectronegativityAn atom\'s attraction for the electrons in a bond. 
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electronegativityMeasure of a substances\'s ability to attract electrons. 
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electroplatingdepositing a thin layer of a metal on to the surface of another substance using electrolysis. 
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ElectropositiveElements with low electronegativities. 
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electrostatic forcesForces between charged objects. 
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Electrostatic potential (elpot)|Electrostatic potentialAttraction between positive and negative charges. Relating to a molecule, it expresses what would happen to a small positive charge brought near the m 
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elementa substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substance by chemical means. Examples: calcium, iron, gold. 
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empirical formulaFormula showing the simplist ratio of elements in a compound. 
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emulsiontiny droplets of one substance dispersed in another. One common oil in water emulsion is called milk. Because the tiny droplets tend to come together, 
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end pointthe stage in a titration when the reaction between the titrant (added from a burette) and the titrate (in the flask) is complete. The end point is nor 
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endothermicReaction that absorbs heat from its surroundings as the reaction proceeds. 
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endothermic reactiona reaction that takes in heat. Example: when ammonium chloride is dissolved in water. 
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energyAbility to do work. 
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Energy of activationsee \"activation energy\" 
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enthalpyChange in heat. 
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entropyMeasure of the disorder of a system. 
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enzymebiological catalysts in the form of proteins in the body that speed up chemical reactions. Every living cell contains hundreds of enzymes that help th 
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equilibriumWhen the reactants and products are in a constant ratio. The forward reaction and the reverse reactions occur at the same rate when a system is in equ 
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equilibrium constantValue that expresses how far the reaction proceeds before reaching equilibrium. A small number means that the equilibrium is towards the reactants sid 
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equilibrium expressionsThe expression giving the ratio between the products and reactants. The equilibrium expression is equal to the concentration of each product raised to 
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equivelence pointOccurs when the moles of acid equal the moles of base in a solution. 
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esterorganic compounds formed by the reaction of an alcohol with an acid and which often have a fruity taste. Example: ethyl acetate (CH3COOC2H5). 
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evaporationthe change of state of a liquid to a gas. Evaporation happens below the boiling point and is used as a method of separating the materials in a solutio 
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excess, toif a reactant has been added to another reactant in excess, it has exceeded the amount required to complete the reaction. 
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Excited stateWhen electrons are not in the lowest possible orbitals. 
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exothermicReaction that gives off heat to the environment. 
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exothermic reactiona reaction that gives out substantial amounts of heat. Example: sucrose and concentrated sulphuric acid. 
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explosivea substance which, when a shock is applied to it, decomposes very rapidly, releasing a very large amount of heat and creating a large volume of gases 
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exponentiationRaising something to a power. F 
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Extended Basis Set FunctionA basis set that describes the orbitals in great detail 
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fatssemisolid, energy-rich compounds derived from plants or animals, made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. These are examples of esters. 
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fermentto break down a substance by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. Example: fermentation of sugar to ethanol during the production of alcoholic dri 
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filtratethe liquid that has passed through a filter. 
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filtrationthe separation of a liquid from a solid using a membrane with small holes (i.e. a filter paper). 
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flamea mixture of gases undergoing burning. A solid or liquid must produce a gas before it can react with oxygen and burn with a flame. 
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flammable (also inflammable)|flammableable to burn (in air). Opposite: non-flammable. 
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flocculationthe grouping together of small particles in a suspension to form particles large enough to settle out as a precipitate. Flocculation is usually caused 
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fluidable to flow; either a liquid or a gas. 
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fluorescenta substance that gives out visible light when struck by invisible waves, such as ultraviolet rays. 
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fluxa material used to make it easier for a liquid to flow. A flux dissolves metal oxides and so prevents a metal from oxidising while being heated. 
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foama substance that is sufficiently gelatinous to be able to contain bubbles of gas. The gas bulks up the substance, making it behave as though it were s 
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