Glossary entry

French term or phrase:

frottement de peau

English translation:

grain shear stress or grain resistance

Added to glossary by Duncan Moncrieff
Oct 14, 2014 13:41
9 yrs ago
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French term

frottement de peau

French to English Other Geology
The paper is about sub-marine sediments, could this be surface tension? Here's the sentence:
La formule a été adaptée pour être exprimée directement en fonction de la contrainte de frottement de peau:
It is also mentioned here:
(symbol) = la contrainte de frottement de peau en N.m-2
Change log

Oct 16, 2014 16:38: Duncan Moncrieff Created KOG entry

Discussion

Duncan Moncrieff Oct 15, 2014:
@Kashew and Chris Yes, I read it, but, no references and I've always seen it mentioned as grain shear stress when I've come across it in sedimentary/marine geology.

The text is about submarine sediments. Sediments are made of grains of differing sizes from clays, through silts and sands up to pebbles (eventually boulders). Because of this, I wouldn't have any problem referring to it as a grain shear stress. I guess if the intended audience is not one of geologists, sedimentologists, geotechnical engineers and the like, then skin friction shear stress might be preferred. As I've remarked, both are widely used in the literature.

Have a look at figure 73 of http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/getpart.php?id=lyon2.2... and compare it with figure 8 on page 24 of http://lvov.weizmann.ac.il/lvov/Literature-Online/Literature... . The text refers to the same thing (the French is based on Zhou Liu's original), but the choice of terms differs - both are equally valid.
kashew Oct 15, 2014:
Repeat of yesterday: Did anyone read it?
@CC16:59 Oct 14
contrainte de frottement de peau = skin friction stress, agreed.
chris collister Oct 15, 2014:
Grains and their relative motions may well be involved among the many mechanisms contributing to the overall stress but are not explicitly mentioned in the text. If the ST says "skin", I would be tempted to translate it as "skin" and avoid interpreting what we think the author meant.
"Skin friction" here represents an amalgam of fairly complex energy-loss mechanisms involving mechanical collisions between sand grains, water viscosity and turbulence, all in their turn influenced by the geometry of the surface on which the energy loss occurs.
Anca Florescu-Mitchell Oct 15, 2014:
Two different answers The problem was really the question! Kashew strictly translated "frottement de peau" which is "skin friction" (N) also called "shear force". Duncan translated "contrainte de force de frottement" which is a shear stress (N/m2).
Duncan Moncrieff Oct 14, 2014:
Funnily "grain shear stress" and "skin friction component" have different numbers of occurrences depending on the Google tool used to compare them. A normal search on the two terms (including component with skin friction to help exclude results that have nothing to do with the context) gives around 6 000 results for "skin friction component" and 4 000 for "grain shear stress"(this values can vary: originally I had 70 000 and 33 000 respectively, upon checking the results had diminished).
Using the Google Ngram viewer to examine their occurrence in books gives the advantage to "grain shear stress" (http://bit.ly/1xPSmYF).
I can't say that I see any real preference for one term over the other when searching for them in connection to marine sediments.
kashew Oct 14, 2014:
Another example: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-6306.pdf
See page 1 Résumé.
kashew Oct 14, 2014:
Extract: En présence de rides ou plus généralement de macrorugosités sur le fond, il convient de distinguer la contrainte de "peau" (skin friction) et la contrainte de forme (form friction). C'est la première, relative aux grains, qui doit être prise en compte pour la mise en mouvement des particules, tandis que la deuxième rend compte de l'effet d'obstacle [des rides] à l'écoulement.
C'est également la contrainte totale qui permettra d'évaluer la diffusion verticale dans l'ensemble de la colonne d'eau, et sera donc pertinente pour le transport en suspension. Il faut relever que si la contrainte de peau et la traînée des rides participent toutes deux au frottement exercé par le lit sédimentaire sur la colonne d'eau, lorsque les sédiments sont en mouvement près du fond (charriage de sables et surtout saltation), le travail nécessaire à leur décollement du lit génère un frottement supplémentaire, qui s'intègre dans le frottement de peau (Owen, 1964; Smith & McLean, 1977).
kashew Oct 14, 2014:
@CC contrainte de frottement de peau = skin friction stress, agreed.
chris collister Oct 14, 2014:
Note that the text is not talking about skin friction per se, but rather the stress (contrainte) due to skin friction. The units of stress (N/m^2 or Pa) are the same as those for pressure.

Proposed translations

+2
3 hrs
Selected

grain shear stress or grain resistance

"Frottement de peau/frottement total :
La contrainte de frottement τ0 est classiquement décomposée en :
τ0= τ' + τ'’
avec :
. τ' : la composante du frottement de peau, qui représente le cisaillement local,
. τ'' : la composante du frottement de forme, qui représente l’effet des forces de pression, intégrées le long des formes de fond.

Seule la composante locale τ', ou contrainte effective, intervient dans le calcul des forces exercées par l’écoulement sur les grains et doit être prise en compte dans le calcul du transport solide.
L’importance relative de chacune des deux composantes dépend du régime de l’écoulement. Pour des faibles valeurs du courant, en deça du seuil de mobilité des particules, le fond est généralement plat. Lorsque le courant augmente, il y mise en mouvement des particules sédimentaires, et formation de rides de petites amplitudes puis de dunes. En présence de rides ou de dunes la composante principale du frottement est τ'', comme le montre la figure 1. "
(http://crdaln.documentation.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/do...

"La contrainte de frottement (τ0) dans un chenal possédant des formes de lit et des sédiments en suspension est déterminée par la somme de trois composantes :

τ' – la force tractrice due à la résistance des particules, ce qui représente le cisaillement local,
τ'' - la force tractrice due à la résistance provoquée par les formes du lit; elle représente l’effet des forces de pression intégrées le long des formes de fond. Elle est causée par la différence de pression entre les parties amont et aval de la dune, lesquelles provoquent une perte d’énergie de l’écoulement.
τ''' – c’est la composante associée à l’énergie dépensée pour maintenir les particules en suspension (Yalin, 1972) (Figure 73)." (http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/getpart.php?id=lyon2.2...

"Total bed shear stress τ is often divided into grain shear stress τ ,and bedform shear stress τ (Einstein and Barbarossa, 1952; Simons and Senturk, 1992; Richardson et al, 1990; Julien, 1995)." (http://www.engr.colostate.edu/~pierre/ce_old/resume/Paperspd...

"Initial experiments were conducted in a flat-bottomed flume with pebbles (median diameter slightly below 20 mm), with a view to test the validity of the methods which permit differentiation between shear stress due to grain resistance (τ″) and that due to bedform resistance (τ″). It is clearly confirmed that τ′ represents the total shear stress (τ). The method of Laursen (1958) is appropriate for evaluation of grain shear stress in the case of pebbly beds. Indeed the ratio τ′ is close to 1, except when the dimensionless flow depth (d/D50) is less than 4. A close relationship exists between the grain shear stress and the shear calculated from friction velocities." (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/esp.3290140606/ab...

See also:
http://sodbib.udl.es/gtb/sod/usu/$UDLG/repositorio/20340688_14707534.pdf
http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/bitstream/2268/21798/1/Geomorphology 2...
Peer comment(s):

agree merlrennes : The units are Force/area thus it is a tangential (shear) stress.
2 hrs
agree Anca Florescu-Mitchell
2 hrs
Something went wrong...
4 KudoZ points awarded for this answer. Comment: "Thanks for your time on this, its much appreciated."
-2
35 mins

Surface tension

This is in reference to the forces at work. Where gravity has little effects, surface tension is the the phrase here.
Fluid mechanics is not exactly what the author is talking about here although it is related.
Peer comment(s):

disagree chris collister : Surface tension is "tension superficielle": http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_superficielle
25 mins
disagree Duncan Moncrieff : Right kind of idea, but it's not to do with surface tension, it's to do with grain transport.
3 hrs
Something went wrong...
+1
5 mins

skin friction

*

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Note added at 6 heures (2014-10-14 19:54:10 GMT)
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http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-6306.pdf
See Résumé/Abstract.
Note from asker:
Many thanks for your time on this question, both explanations make sense to me so not easy!
Peer comment(s):

agree chris collister
55 mins
Thanks, CC.
agree Duncan Moncrieff : Sorry Kashew, nothing to do with skin : have a look at the refs in my answer and I think you'll agree with me./ Well, it'd help if you post your refs when you answer! Having read the article and researched the whole term, I agree with you term as well.
3 hrs
I can't agree. See MY references too.
disagree merlrennes : Skin friction is a force (measured in Newtons (N)). The term requested is "contrainte de frottement de peau". This is what is known as a stress, measured in Newtons/square metre (N/m2). It is similar to the pressure force (N) as opposed to pressure (N/m2)
17 hrs
Terme ou expression en français : frottement de peau. Of course, in the context it has to be qualified.
Something went wrong...

Reference comments

13 mins
Reference:

Fluid mechanics

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