Also called 'event-related potentials' and 'evoked responses'

'Over the past 30 years, recordings of event-related potentials (ERPs) from normal individuals have played an increasingly important role in our understanding of the mechanisms of attention. This article reviews some of the recent ERP studies of attention, focusing on studies that isolate the operation of attention in specific cognitive subsystems such as perception, working memory, and response selection.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11058821

evoked potential (EP)
[ivōkt′]
Etymology: L, evocare, to call forth, potentia, power
an electrical response in the brainstem or cerebral cortex that is elicited by a specific stimulus. The stimulus may affect the visual, auditory, or somatosensory pathway, producing a characteristic brain wave pattern. The activity and function of the system may be monitored during surgery while the patient is unconscious. The surgeon is thus able to prevent damage to the nerves during operative procedures. Evoked potentials are also used to diagnose multiple sclerosis and various disorders of hearing and of sight. Kinds of evoked potentials include brainstem auditory evoked response, somatosensory evoked potential, and visual-evoked potential. See also brain electric activity map.

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/evoked poten...

An evoked potential or evoked response is an electrical potential recorded from the nervous system of a human or other animal following presentation of a stimulus, as distinct from spontaneous potentials as detected by electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), or other electrophysiologic recording method. Such potentials are useful for electrodiagnosis and monitoring.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoked_potential

A brief introduction to the use of event-related potentials in studies of perception and attention.
Woodman GF1.

Because of the precise temporal resolution of electrophysiological recordings, the event-related potential (ERP) technique has proven particularly valuable for testing theories of perception and attention. Here, I provide a brief tutorial on the ERP technique for consumers of such research and those considering the use of human electrophysiology in their own work. My discussion begins with the basics regarding what brain activity ERPs measure and why they are well suited to reveal critical aspects of perceptual processing, attentional selection, and cognition, which are unobservable with behavioral methods alone. I then review a number of important methodological issues and often-forgotten facts that should be considered when evaluating or planning ERP experiments.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21097848

Over the past 30 years, recordings of event-related potentials (ERPs) from normal individuals have played an increasingly important role in our understanding of the mechanisms of attention. This article reviews some of the recent ERP studies of attention, focusing on studies that isolate the operation of attention in specific cognitive subsystems such as perception, working memory, and response selection.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222840464_Event-rel...

The studies are called 'event-related potential studies'

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Evoked potential studies of attention capacity in human frontal lobe lesions.

External link to publication

Abstract:
focus on EP [evoked potentials] and ERP [event-related potentials] studies of patients with frontal lobe damage frontal lobe syndromes / gating deficits / focused sustained attention deficits / phasic attention deficits (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

http://knightlab.berkeley.edu/publications/detail/46/

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What is an evoked potentials study?

Evoked potentials studies measure electrical activity in the brain in response to stimulation of sight, sound, or touch. Stimuli delivered to the brain through each of these senses evoke minute electrical signals. These signals travel along the nerves and through the spinal cord to specific regions of the brain and are picked up by electrodes, amplified, and displayed for a doctor to interpret.

http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/test_procedures...

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What are Evoked Potentials

Evoked Potentials (EPs), or Event-Related Potentials (ERPs), are changes in the electrical activity of the nervous system (‘potentials’) that occur at a particular time before, during or after (‘related’) a change in the external physical world and/or the internal mental/cognitive state of the subject (‘event’). From this definition, it follows that ERPs are distinguished according to whether the potentials are evoked by external events (exogenous EPs) or by an internal mental process (endogenous ERPs).

http://tx.technion.ac.il/~eplab/EPSwhat.htm

ERP/EP – Event related Potentials / Evoked Potentials
An event-related potential (ERP) is any stereotyped electrophysiological response to an internal or external stimulus. In simple terms it is any measured brain response that is the direct result of a thought process or perception.

http://www.brainproducts.com/products_by_apps.php?aid=3

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Now that I’ve provided a brief history of the ERP technique, I’d like to clarify some terminology. ERPs were originally called evoked potentials (EPs) because they were electrical potentials that were evoked by stimuli (as opposed to the pontaneous EEG rhythms). The earliest published use of the term ‘‘event-related potential’’ that I could find was by Herb Vaughan, who in a 1969 chapter wrote,

Since cerebral processes may be related to voluntary movement and to relatively stimulus-independent psychological processes (e.g. Sutton et al., 1967; Ritter et al., 1968), the term ‘‘evoked potentials’’ is no longer sufficiently general to apply to all EEG phenomena related to sensorymotor processes. Moreover, sufficiently prominent or distinctive psychological events may serve as time references for averaging, in addition to stimuli and motor responses. The term ‘‘event related potentials’’ (ERP) is proposed to designate the general class of potentials that display stable time relationships to a definable reference event. (Vaughan, 1969, p. 46)

Most research in cognitive neuroscience now uses the term event-related potential, but you might occasionally encounter other terms, especially in other fields. Here are a few common ones:

Evoked response. This means the same thing as evoked potential. Brainstem evoked response (BER). These are small ERPs elicited within the first 10 ms of stimulus onset by auditory stimuli such as clicks. They are frequently used in clinical audiology. They are also called auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) or brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAERs).

Visual evoked potential (VEP). This term is commonly used in clinical contexts to describe ERPs elicited by visual stimuli that are used to assess pathology in the visual system, such as demyelination caused by multiple sclerosis. A variant on this term is visual evoked response (VER).

Evoked response potential (ERP). This is apparently an accidental miscombination of evoked response and event-related potential (analogous to combining irrespective and regardless into irregardless).

https://www.ncbs.res.in/sitefiles/gb2012/An Introduction to ...

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So while evoked potentials simply reflect the processing of the physical stimulus (the exogenous potentials) the event related potentials are caused by ‘higher’ processes that are thought to involve memory, expectation (Bereitschaftspotential) and attention. They are also called endogenous potentials.
Thousands of ERP studies have been published up to date, for a wide range of applications.

Some examples are listed below, in no particular order.

a) Attention problems
b) Substance abuse
c) Visual emotion processing

...

http://81.169.139.131/download/Whitepaper/biotrace-nexus-erp...

I hope it's sufficiently clear now.