Не думаю, что для этого понятия у них есть какой-то более современный термин, чем medicne man. К тому же слово "ведун" тоже не современное слово.

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Note added at 2 hrs (2016-11-29 18:16:03 GMT)
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medicine man:
1) a person who is believed to have special magic powers of healing, especially among Native Americans (Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 7th edition)
2) Индейский колдун, изгоняющий злых духов фетишами, заклинаниями и т.п. или исцеляющий травами, зельями, парильней (словарь Americana к версии ABBYY Lingvo 12)

First thing that came to mind: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_doctor

A member of certain traditional societies, especially of northern Asia and of North and South America, who acts as a medium between the visible world and an invisible spirit world and who practices magic or sorcery for purposes of healing, divination, and control over natural events.
[Russian, from Evenki šaman, Buddhist monk, shaman, perhaps from Tocharian B ṣamāne, monk, from Prakrit (dialect of documents from the ancient city of Niya in the Taklimakan) ṣamana, from Sanskrit śramaṇaḥ, from śramaḥ, religious exercise, from śramati, he toils, practices austerity.]
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/shaman
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Shamanism in Siberia
A large minority of people in North Asia, particularly in Siberia, follow the religio-cultural practices of shamanism. Some researchers regard Siberia as the heartland of shamanism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia
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In pictures: The shamans of Siberia, Russia's Tuvans

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1193...