French term
gestion d’affaires imparfaite ou intéressée
1) une atteinte aux droits d’autrui, 2) son caractère intéressé, 3) la réalisation d’un gain, 4) un lien de causalité entre l’atteinte et le gain et 5) la mauvaise foi du gérant
This concerns a head of claim for remission of profits in a trademark infringement case.
My attempt: "misleading or self-serving business practices"
I cannot find a similar expression so this is more an attempt at translation than an equivalent English legal expression. Any better suggestion?
Target language: European English
Proposed translations
disloyal management or self-dealing
https://www.bger.ch/ext/eurospider/live/fr/php/aza/http/inde...
Intéressée = self-interested, but we refer to this in EN legalese not as "self-interested management" but simply as "self-dealing."
Example 1: https://findhoalaw.com/corporations-code-section-5233-self-d...
Example 2: https://ffslaw.com/articles/have-directors-and-officers-enga...
Thanks! FHS Bridhe has "dishonest management" for "gestion deloyale"; " intéressée" in the term agrees with "gestion", however I see you have changed the construction somewhat |
All the definitions and explanations of "self-dealing" that I can find refer to trustees, fiduciaries and other persons holding a position of trust. In my case though this is about usurpation of trademarks and passing-off (no relationship between the parties involved) so I'm not sure that your term works. |
I think this implies much more tham mere "disloyalty" - we are talking of outright tratrademark infringement - note the Fr. word "déloyale" has several "shades" of meaning, ranging from unfair to wanton |
neutral |
Daryo
: the element "unauthorised" should be added - "disloyal unauthorised management" would better reflect the ST.
1 day 23 hrs
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off track or self-serving business management
In my translation, off-track means that the agent's business is not on target. On the contrary, the agent is pursuing a target of his/her own: his/her management is self-serving.
Thanks but "off track" doesn't sound like a legal expression and my text has nothing remotely to do with targets |
misfeasant mis- or self-serving management
Note on a related theme: Geschäftsführung ohne Auftrag > 'conduct of business without a mandate' is an 'agency of necessity'.
Otherwise, self-dealing in E+W law - such as renewing a client's market trading lease in the lawyer's own name - is not the same as self-interest.
Obiter, quasi-contracts suggest we are moving into the realm of Anglo-Am. tort and contract now called 'the law of restitution'.
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Note added at 6 heures (2021-03-12 20:31:40 GMT)
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I repeated the mis- after misfeasant only for stylistic balance and tie-up with the management.
Mindful of misfeasance proceedings in E+W tort, *Equity* and crime by a company liquidator against the ex-officers and directors, I had actually been inclined to patch together mis-, mal- and non-feasance with something like *misfeasance and unduly self-serving malfeasance* cf. undue influence + undue preference in bankruptcy.
'Trustee *malfeasance* refers to any type of negligent, *self-serving*, erroneous, or retaliatory conduct committed by the trustee of a trust resulting in harm to trust assets or beneficiaries.' https://rmolawyers.com/trustee-malfeasance-guide/
Funnily enough, this is a US-Am weblink > beware of mal- vs. misfeasance differences Transatlantically, albeit slight ones in 'corporate practis/se' < but I am sure all categories of 'feasance' > Norman FR ce faisant would be understood in 'offshore Euro-English' by accountants, insolvency practitioners, lawyers and company court judges who, except in Scotland with its Roman civil law, would be baffled by the Latin expression of negotiorum gestio
he Latin expr
Account to be taken from misfeasant directors (Re Shahi Tandoori Restaurant)
The self-serving management hypothesis : Some evidence.
This seems to be on the right lines, thanks! |
Thinking about it "self-serving" management almost sounds like the norm. Maybe "excessively self-serving management" would be more tortious? |
underhand dealings for own vested interests
Right lines for sure, thanks |
ineffective or unprofessional business management
'Conditions of action on the delivery of profits or earnings for an ineffective or unprofessional business management due to inappropriate practice are implied or suggested. It implies that there's been an infringement on other people's entitlements concerning a type of profit gain, along with a casual connection between the infringement and the profit due to a manager's misconduct or unethical practice.'
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Note added at 1 day 11 hrs (2021-03-14 01:17:02 GMT)
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https://dictionary.reverso.net/english-definition/legally sp...
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Note added at 1 day 11 hrs (2021-03-14 01:24:49 GMT)
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"A legal definition of context is the language that precedes and follows a series of words, such as a particular sentence or clause. The context of a legal document is often scrutinized to shed light upon the intent of an ambiguous or obscure sentence or clause so that it may be interpreted as its drafter intended. (West Encyclopedia of American Law)."
https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/context
(De l'information explique le suivant: 'Des conditions d'action et la livraison des profits ou des bénéfices pour une gestion d'affaires inefficace qui manque de professionalisme à cause des pratiques impropres ou de la mauvaise conduite sont insinuée
'Il est sous-entendu qu'il y a une atteinte sur des droits des autres en ce qui concerne des profits réalisés, ensemble avec un lien informel entre l'atteinte et les bénéfices en raison de la conduite douteuse d'une gestion d'affaires.'
Thank you Lisa, but this isn't a simple dictionary job, it's in a specific legal context |
disloyal unauthorised management
gestion d’affaires imparfaite ou intéressée
means in fact:
gestion d’affaires d'autrui imparfaite ou intéressée
to avoid repeating all references already quoted, I would just summarise the elements of
"gestion d’affaires imparfaite ou intéressée"
which are:
1 - someone getting involved in some third person's business
2 - without any consent nor knowledge of that third person
3 - with a complete disregard for that third person's interests
Given the third element of the description of what's happening in this ST, the concept of "negotiorum gestio" has NOTHING to do with this ST, has no place whatsoever in any translation nor explanation.
Should be kept away with a veeery long barge pole!
Two situations similar in some aspects, but only one would have anything to do with the concept of "negotiorum gestio":
-- Your neighbour's house is empty;
-- You break into your neighbour's house;
(A) - to prevent a burst pipe or a water valve left open flooding the whole house;
(B) - to open valves and flood your neighbour's house.
(A) would be a case of "negotiorum gestio", and would entitle you in Continental law to claim from your neighbour whatever you paid to a locksmith to break open the door and a plumber to fix the leak.
(B) - wouldn't "entitle you" to anything but a lot of troubles. NOTHING to do with "negotiorum gestio" in any shape or form.
Now take a look at the ST ...
disagree |
Conor McAuley
: "Continental" law? Amongst a great deal of other issues. No references, for example. / Compare with Eliza's "disloyal management". Adjective order is incorrect too. https://lushthecontentagency.com/blog/copywriting-royal-orde...
36 mins
|
disagree |
Nikki Scott-Despaigne
: "Imparfait" has a wider scope than your sugegstion of "unauthorised"; "intéressé" is more specific than your suggestion of "disloyal".
1 hr
|
disagree |
SafeTex
: I think that the two adjectives are in contradiction. Disloyal suggests employee or agent/employer relationship (one of loyalty) and this then flies in the face of "unauthorised". it's much more about the employee/agent abusing the authority that he had
1 day 16 hrs
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agency without authority in his/her/its own interests
(About 10 paragraphs into the text)
https://aurelienbamde.com/2020/10/15/la-gestion-daffaires-re...
"==> Notion
La ***gestion d’affaires*** est définie à l’article 1301 du Code civil comme le fait de « celui qui, sans y être tenu, gère sciemment et utilement l’affaire d’autrui, à l’insu ou sans opposition du maître de cette affaire ».
Il s’agit autrement dit pour une personne, que l’on appelle le gérant d’affaires, d’intervenir spontanément dans les affaires d’autrui, le maître de l’affaire ou le géré, aux fins de lui rendre un service.
La particularité de la gestion d’affaires est qu’elle suppose qu’une personne ait agi pour le compte d’un tiers et dans son intérêt, ce, sans avoir été mandaté par celui-ci, ni qu’il en ait été tenu informé."
Then, we go to Bridge:
"gestion d'affaires (sans titre) (negotiorum gestor [as I think Liz refers to]) - one who in the absence of another looks after his affairs or interests or acts as his agent without previous authority; self-appointed (unauthorised, purported agent)."
So far so good. The official English translation of the SCC confirms "agency without authority".
FR : https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/24/233_245_233/fr
EN: https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/24/233_245_233/en
No mentions of "imparfaite" or "intéressée", so now we have to get creative.
French to German and back to English:
CHAPPUIS Christine, Gestion d’affaires imparfaite (Geschäftsanmassung) : du nouveau,
RSDA 2000 p. 201 ss (cité : Chappuis C. [2000]).
gestion d'affaires imparfaite > Geschäftsanmassung
Next:
https://books.google.fr/books?id=6hwtlFHf3AYC&pg=PA89&lpg=PA...
"negotiorum gestio in German law has no equivalent counterpart in English law"
So, "without authorisation" for "imparfaite", confirmed. The word "imparfaite", for Bridge, is redundant.
Luckily, after all that, with "intéressé", I think we can go fairly one-to-one. I suggest:
self-interested
OR
in his/her/its own interests
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Note added at 3 hrs (2021-03-12 17:29:24 GMT)
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BACK TO THE START, KIND OF?
Looks like the Latin is fine and is used in English:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiorum_gestio
https://www.merriam-webster.com/legal/negotiorum gestio
About 20,000 matches, including:
Negotiorum Gestio: A Civilian Concept in the Common Law ...https://www.cambridge.org › article· Traduire cette page
de D Sheehan · 2006 · Cité 11 fois — This paper assesses whether English law recognizes a concept of negotiorum gestio. Claimants intervening in other' affairs and seeking restitution or ...
PERSONALLY, I would use both an English version and the Latin above, in italics, with one or the other in round brackets.
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For the record, IATE's translation: https://iate.europa.eu/search/standard/result/1615569014320/...
Approves of using the Latin too.
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Note added at 4 hrs (2021-03-12 17:47:02 GMT)
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One very last word for the moment, in fact a question: does negotiorum gestio cover the whole of the French term? I don't think it does, I don't think it covers the "intéressée" part, so you would have to say
negotiorum gestio in his/her/its own interests
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Note added at 5 hrs (2021-03-12 18:55:11 GMT)
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To Chris: read the top of the page here https://books.google.fr/books?id=6hwtlFHf3AYC&pg=PA89&lpg=PA...
which talks about copyright and property -- copyright infringement and not TM infringement, but infringement and "unauthorised agency" all the same.
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Note added at 5 hrs (2021-03-12 19:14:31 GMT)
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To Chris:
I was starting to think I was off my rocker, don't do that to me!!!
I kind of fluked upon that passage too, lucky break.
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Note added at 2 days 3 hrs (2021-03-14 16:57:50 GMT)
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https://www.loisuisse.ch/fra/sr/220/220_039.htm
"Loi fédérale complétant le Code civil suisse
Deuxième partie
Des diverses espèces de contrats
Titre quatorzième
De la gestion d’affaires"
WE HAVE THE STANDARD SCENARIO:
"Art. 419
A. Droits et obligations du gérant
I. Exécution de l’affaire
Celui qui, sans mandat, gère l’affaire d’autrui, est tenu de la gérer conformément aux intérêts et aux intentions présumables du maître."
AND THEN THE "GOES ROGUE" SCENARIO:
"Art. 423
II. Affaire entreprise dans l’intérêt du gérant
1 Lorsque la gestion n’a pas été entreprise dans l’intérêt du maître, celui-ci n’en a pas moins le droit de s’approprier les profits qui en résultent."
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Note added at 9 days (2021-03-21 14:01:39 GMT)
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Tome 57 -- the journey continues
"Agency" recurs in these texts and sources -- the same word every time.
FR
"Art. 28
[...]
3. Sont réservées les actions en dommages-intérêts et en réparation du
tort moral, ainsi que la remise du gain selon les dispositions sur la ***gestion d’affaires***.
EN
"3. Claims for damages and satisfaction and for handing over profits in
accordance with the provisions governing ***agency*** without authority
are reserved."
FR
"Art. 753
1. L’usufruitier qui a fait des impenses ou de nouveaux ouvrages sans y
être obligé peut réclamer une indemnité à la cessation de l’usufruit,
selon les règles de la ***gestion d’affaires***."
EN
"1. If the usufructuary has of his or her own free will incurred costs or
made improvements, on return of the object he or she may request
compensation in accordance with the provisions governing ***agency***
without authority."
FHS Bridge: "gestion d'affaires" = agency
"Gestion d'affaires" -- very common term in French Civil Law.
Conclusions:
1) "Gestion d'affaires" is a very specific term with a very specific meaning.
2) That meaning, see EN version of the Swiss Civil Code (reminder: context = Switzerland) and Bridge, is agency.
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Note added at 9 days (2021-03-21 14:04:47 GMT)
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(Articles of the Swiss Civil Code)
Thanks Conor but there is no relationship of agency invloved here, simply one (totally unconnected) company usurping another's trademarks |
Yes, v. interesting: "voluntary agency without authority" with no equivalent in English law - this certainly fits the circumstances, so maybe back to the formal Latin term negotiorum gestio albeit this French text doesn't use that term anywhere |
neutral |
Francois Boye
: This idea underlies the expression submitted by Allegro as well as my translation
47 mins
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If anything I have put your ideas into the right register. And I am indebted to Liz, if I'm indebted to anybody, who provided the right Latin term. 500 words on my method and references is also clear proof of plagiarism! Wow!
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disagree |
Daryo
: only one small fly in the ointment:"qu’une personne ait agi pour le compte d’un tiers et dans son intérêt," HERE "son" = "et dans l'intérêt de ce tiers" so that concept would hardly be applicable to s.o. usurping s.o. else's trademark
1 day 19 hrs
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The Merriam Webster entry for negotiorum gestio (and other sources, if I recall correctly) does not mention benevolence: "in the civil law of Louisiana : the management of or interference with the business or affairs of another without authority"
|
Reference comments
Reference only
fr.wikipedia.org › wiki › Gestion_d'a...
1.
2.
Translate this page
La gestion d'affaires (ou negotiorum gestio) est le premier des trois quasi-contrats régis par le Code civil français, le second étant le paiement de l'indu et le ...
poslovodstvo brez naročila | Slovenian to English ... - ProZ.com
www.proz.com › law-contracts › 343...
1.
Translate this page
3 Sept 2009 — conduct of business without mandate (negotiorum gestio) Odškodninski zahtevek je utemeljila na načelu prepovedi neupravičene obogatitve ..
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Note added at 25 mins (2021-03-12 14:06:52 GMT)
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WWU Münster > Religion & Politics > Jansen, Nils, Prof. Dr. iur.www.uni-muenster.de › antragsteller
Translate this page
Juristenzeitung 75, No. 5: 213-223. doi ... Gewinnhaftung bei Geschäftsanmaßung . ... ****Management of another‟s affairs without a mandate (Negotiorum gestio)*** .
Thanks! This is making me wonder whether the concept of negotiorum gestio holds good for Switzerland |
agree |
Conor McAuley
: Right Latin term, German term, English translation, everything but the "intéressée" bit! / Daryo: nothing about "protect" here: "civil law of Louisiana : the management of or interference with the business or affairs of another without authority" Merr.-W.
4 hrs
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neutral |
Daryo
: only one detail that makes this concept non-applicable here: it's supposed to be done in good fait and in order to protect the interest of the owner of the thing", as it's a ground for claiming compensation from the owner for the effort expended
1 day 22 hrs
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gestion d'affaires intéressée, gestion d'affaires "non désintéressée"
Bonneman Cécile. Appréciation jurisprudentielle des conditions de la gestion d'affaires "non désintéressée". In: Revue juridique de l'Ouest, 1999-2. pp. 263-280.
DOI : https://doi.org/10.3406/juro.1999.2524
www.persee.fr/doc/juro_0990-1027_1999_num_12_2_2524
Article covering two aspects :
"Plan
I - Justification ambiguë des conditions d'existence de la gestion d'affaires "non désintéressée"
II - Caractère déterminant de l'utilité dans la gestion d'affaires "non désintéressée"
https://www.dictionnaire-juridique.com/definition/de-in-rem-...
""De in rem verso" est une expression latine qui désigne un type d'actions subsidiaires connues du droit romain, dont l'appellation sous cette forme est encore, mais rarement, utilisée de nos jours, pour regrouper l'"enrichissement sans cause ", la "gestion d'affaires", et l' action en "répétition de l'indu". Ces actions sont dénommés par le Code civil des "quasi-contrats", dénomination critiquée par la doctrine puisque le contrat suppose un accord des consentements alors que précédemment l'appauvrissement du patrimoine de celui qui agit en justice ne trouve pas sa cause dans une expression de sa volonté."
https://aurelienbamde.com/2020/10/15/les-effets-de-la-gestio...
"2.3 La répartition du coût de l’intervention entre les quasi-parties
L’article 1301-4 du Code civil prévoit que si l’’intérêt personnel du gérant à se charger de l’affaire d’autrui n’exclut pas l’application des règles de la gestion d’affaires, il n’en reste pas moins que cette circonstance doit être prise en compte quant au droit du gérant à être remboursé et indemnisé.
Aussi, ce texte prévoit-il, en son second alinéa, que « dans ce cas, la charge des engagements, des dépenses et des dommages se répartit à proportion des intérêts de chacun dans l’affaire commune. »
Il ressort de cette disposition que lorsque l’intervention du gérant n’est pas totalement désintéressée, il devra supporter une partie du coût définitif des actions réalisées.
Cette réparation se fait à due proportion des intérêts de chaque quasi-partie dans l’affaire, ce qui ne sera pas sans soulever des difficultés d’évaluation lors du règlement des comptes."
[...]
"L’indifférence du caractère intéressé de l’intervention du gérant
La jurisprudence considère que la ratification peut opérer nonobstant l’intervention intéressée du gérant.
Seule condition posée par les juridictions dans cette hypothèse : il doit être établi que le gérant était animé par la volonté de gérer l’affaire d’autrui et que cette gestion n’est pas une conséquence secondaire de la conduite de ses propres affaires
La ratification ne peut ainsi jamais couvrir l’absence de volonté du gérant de gérer les affaires du maître."
https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/id/LEGIARTI000032023874...
"Code civil
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Dans « Chapitre Ier : La gestion d'affaires (Articles 1301 à 1301-5) »
Voir les modifications dans le temps
Version en vigueur au 01 octobre 2016
Code civil
ReplierLivre III : Des différentes manières dont on acquiert la propriété (Articles 711 à 2278)
ReplierTitre III : Des sources d'obligations (Articles 1100 à 1303-4)
Article 1100 Article 1100-1 Article 1100-2
ReplierSous-titre III : Autres sources d'obligations (Articles 1300 à 1303-4)
Article 1300
Chapitre Ier : La gestion d'affaires (Articles 1301 à 1301-5)
Naviguer dans le sommaire du code
Article 1301
Modifié par Ordonnance n°2016-131 du 10 février 2016 - art. 2
Celui qui, sans y être tenu, gère sciemment et utilement l'affaire d'autrui, à l'insu ou sans opposition du maître de cette affaire, est soumis, dans l'accomplissement des actes juridiques et matériels de sa gestion, à toutes les obligations d'un mandataire.
Versions
Article 1301-1
Création Ordonnance n°2016-131 du 10 février 2016 - art. 2
Il est tenu d'apporter à la gestion de l'affaire tous les soins d'une personne raisonnable ; il doit poursuivre la gestion jusqu'à ce que le maître de l'affaire ou son successeur soit en mesure d'y pourvoir.
Le juge peut, selon les circonstances, modérer l'indemnité due au maître de l'affaire en raison des fautes ou de la négligence du gérant.
Versions
Article 1301-2
Création Ordonnance n°2016-131 du 10 février 2016 - art. 2
Celui dont l'affaire a été utilement gérée doit remplir les engagements contractés dans son intérêt par le gérant.
Il rembourse au gérant les dépenses faites dans son intérêt et l'indemnise des dommages qu'il a subis en raison de sa gestion.
Les sommes avancées par le gérant portent intérêt du jour du paiement.
Versions
Article 1301-3
Création Ordonnance n°2016-131 du 10 février 2016 - art. 2
La ratification de la gestion par le maître vaut mandat.
Versions
Article 1301-4
Création Ordonnance n°2016-131 du 10 février 2016 - art. 2
L'intérêt personnel du gérant à se charger de l'affaire d'autrui n'exclut pas l'application des règles de la gestion d'affaires.
Dans ce cas, la charge des engagements, des dépenses et des dommages se répartit à proportion des intérêts de chacun dans l'affaire commune.
Versions
Article 1301-5
Création Ordonnance n°2016-131 du 10 février 2016 - art. 2
Si l'action du gérant ne répond pas aux conditions de la gestion d'affaires mais profite néanmoins au maître de cette affaire, celui-ci doit indemniser le gérant selon les règles de l'enrichissement injustifié.
Versions"
Discussion
I considered all this and came to the conclusion that "gestion d'affaires" in my term seems to have the broader meaning of "conducting business" - referring to "agency" in an English translation (without an explanation of or reference to quas-agency) or even "management" would just sound confusing.
FR
"Art. 28
[...]
3. Sont réservées les actions en dommages-intérêts et en réparation du
tort moral, ainsi que la remise du gain selon les dispositions sur la ***gestion d’affaires***.
EN
"3. Claims for damages and satisfaction and for handing over profits in
accordance with the provisions governing ***agency*** without authority
are reserved."
FR
"Art. 753
1. L’usufruitier qui a fait des impenses ou de nouveaux ouvrages sans y
être obligé peut réclamer une indemnité à la cessation de l’usufruit,
selon les règles de la ***gestion d’affaires***."
EN
"1. If the usufructuary has of his or her own free will incurred costs or
made improvements, on return of the object he or she may request
compensation in accordance with the provisions governing ***agency***
without authority."
FHS Bridge: "gestion d'affaires" = agency
"Gestion d'affaires" -- very common term in French Civil Law.
Conclusions:
1) "Gestion d'affaires" is a very specific term with a very specific meaning.
2) That meaning, see EN version of the Swiss Civil Code (reminder: context = Switzerland) and Bridge, is agency.
"So far so good. The official English translation of the SCC confirms "agency without authority".
FR : https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/24/233_245_233/fr
EN: https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/24/233_245_233/en"
Unfortunately the website in question is down at the moment, so I can't quote the (presumably) legally-binding term-for-term equivalence that I outlined in my answer.
The principle being that if you have a 100%-reliable and authoritative source as regards wording, you should use it.
The same principle "sort of" (sorry!) applied when the Legifrance English translations were available.
But the English translation of the Swiss Civil Code appears to be legally binding, on a par with the Italian, German, etc. versions of it.
The question's issue of 'gestion d;affaires imparfaite ou intéréssée' could be any type of imperfect or flawed business management or organization, but it looks like Allegro prefers conduct or misconduct of business dealings or affairs instead of management in the setting.
The question raises the issue of an infringement on another person's rights or entitlements, which might imply unlawful dealings connected with a power of attorney during another's absence, (une atteinte aux droits d'autrui et la réalisation d'un gain), in connection with profits or an award.
In short, it looks like the criticisms are of someone's egotistic self interests, whilst on the contrary, the event of 'negotiorum gestio' implies altruism or a deed of kindness.
I believe that something which is self-serving is egotistic, focusing solely on self-interests, while altruism, which implies kindness, in contrast, is impossible in the same setting.
There are references to 'negotiorum gestio', which is Latin for 'management of business'. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiorum_gestio)
The setting involves a person (gestor) who commits himself or herself to doing a deed on behalf of another, in this case, more than an absent neighbour, it's a senior or dominant person (dominus negotii) or master (manager). The person, worker (gestor) who fulfills the deed on behalf of another does so without the other, dominant person's instruction or consent. The person (worker or gestor) has acted on the own initiative. The issue is that he or she is most likely going to look for money or something in return, and without prior consent or instruction from the dominant person or management, this can cause problems.
Malfeasant v misfeasant: In contrast to misfeasance, which is generally an unintentional breach of contract, malfeasance refers to a willful and intentional action that injures a party - certainly rhe case here
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/misfeasance.asp
Self-serving: seems to be the best opposite to altruistic (part of my text says altruism is ruled out)
Business practices: seems more descritive of what is going on than "business management" - fact is, it's criminal business practice
Negotiorum gestio: decided not to us this Latin term, it doesn't appear in my text anyway
Lots of really helpful discussion so many thanks to everyone.
AllegroTrans, to narrow this down, does the text you're translating cite to any particular code sections?
Explain this, also:
https://www.loisuisse.ch/fra/sr/220/220_039.htm
"Loi fédérale complétant le Code civil suisse
Deuxième partie
Des diverses espèces de contrats
Titre quatorzième
De la gestion d’affaires"
WE HAVE THE STANDARD SCENARIO:
"Art. 419
A. Droits et obligations du gérant
I. Exécution de l’affaire
Celui qui, sans mandat, gère l’affaire d’autrui, est tenu de la gérer conformément aux intérêts et aux intentions présumables du maître."
AND THEN THE "GOES ROGUE" SCENARIO:
"Art. 423
II. Affaire entreprise dans l’intérêt du gérant
1 Lorsque la gestion n’a pas été entreprise dans l’intérêt du maître, celui-ci n’en a pas moins le droit de s’approprier les profits qui en résultent."
Is the Swiss Civil Code authoritative enough a source for you?
If you think you can learn the logic of the continental law from English dictionaries, you are an optimist ...
you have "established" nothing - what you have in effect "established" when applied to this text would be the equivalent of "a burglar acting to protect the interests of the owner of the house" - certainly must makes perfect sense if dictionaries lead you that way?
as for "The Merriam Webster entry for negotiorum gestio (and other sources, if I recall correctly) does not mention benevolence" - for those who learned about that concept from some slightly more reliable / authoritative sources they don't need The Merriam Webster to tell them that.
You could also take a look at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiorum_gestio
freely available to any persisting Doubting Thomas.
https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/24/233_245_233/fr (click "2021" on left for updated version)
"Art. 28a26
1 Le demandeur peut requérir le juge:
1.
d’interdire une atteinte illicite, si elle est imminente;
2.
de la faire cesser, si elle dure encore;
3.
d’en constater le caractère illicite, si le trouble qu’elle a créé subsiste.
2 Il peut en particulier demander qu’une rectification ou que le jugement soit communiqué à des tiers ou publié.
3 Sont réservées les actions en dommages-intérêts et en réparation du tort moral, ainsi que la remise du gain selon les dispositions sur la ***gestion d’affaires***."
I have established that gestion d'affaires translates to negotiorum gestio.
Daryo's argument amounts to saying that if a charity does something bad, you have to stop calling it a charity.
https://www.merriam-webster.com/legal/negotiorum gestio
No mention of "for the benefit" here.
Lastly:
"story", really? -- no, this is real life.
Negotiorum gestio ([ni-ˌgō-shē-ˈȯr-əm-ˈjes-chē-ō], Latin for "management of business") is a form of spontaneous voluntary agency in which an intervenor or intermeddler, the gestor, acts on behalf and for the benefit of a principal (dominus negotii), but without the latter's prior consent. The gestor is only entitled to reimbursement for expenses and not to remuneration, the underlying principle being that negotiorum gestio is intended as an act of generosity and friendship and not to allow the gestor to profit from his intermeddling. This form of intervention is classified as a quasi-contract and found in civil-law jurisdictions and in mixed systems (e.g. Louisiana, Scots, South African, and Philippine laws).
Abusing / misappropriating s.o. else's trademark might well be seen as a kind of "managing the business of a third party without its knowledge or prior consent" but it's nowhere near the concept of "Negotiorum gestio"
"negotiorum gestio" is about as much applicable in this ST it would be to a a burglar "managing" your house in your absence!!
Despite some similarities, there is not a trace of "negotiorum gestio" in this ST.
"poslovodstvo brez naročila | Slovenian to English"
Незвано вршење туђих послова или пословодство без налога (negotiorum gestio)
https://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-ec/Nezvano_vršenje_tuđih_poslova
La gestion d'affaires (ou negotiorum gestio) est le premier des trois quasi-contrats régis par le Code civil français, le second étant le paiement de l'indu et le troisième, consacré par la réforme du droit des contrats de 2016, est l'enrichissement sans cause. Le quasi-contrat est un fait juridique, plus précisément un fait purement volontaire, selon l'expression légale1.
En l'espèce, ce fait qui va entraîner la création d'obligations, est celui de s'immiscer spontanément et opportunément dans les affaires d'une autre personne, dans une vue désintéressée, pour lui rendre service.
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestion_d'affaires_en_droit_ci...
The key ingredient is missing in this case "dans une vue désintéressée, pour lui rendre service" - hardly applicable to someone abusing s.o. else's intellectual property?
IMHO, "mismanagement" meets that register in English.
If you have leeway for a translator's note in your document, you could put the Latin there, in the body of the text or as a footnote.
It's your call. Whatever gets the job done.
Que la nuit te porte conseil !
Keep up the discussion guys...
(Negotiorum gestio covers only the agency without authority bits.)
Also, in several Eurpopean languages the eqivalent term translates to "agency of necessity" which can't possibly be the case with deliberate trademark infringement.