Mar 31, 2023 01:23
1 yr ago
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English term

models of attribution

English to Russian Law/Patents Law (general) Penal code
Кто может объяснить этот термин?
Никак не могу догадаться, что за термин?
Спасибо,
Each of the approaches (or models of attribution) above, seek to find a way to apply the elements of a criminal offence (originally created only to apply to natural person) to a corporate defendant by looking for natural persons whose conduct (or actions) and mental state can be attributed to the corporate.

Discussion

Turdimurod Rakhmanov (asker) Apr 4, 2023:
to continue with what has been said Some of the people in the company are mere servants and agents who are nothing more than the hand to do the work and cannot be said to represent the mind and will. Others are directors and managers who represent the directing mind and will of the company, and control what it does. The state of mind of these managers is the state of mind of the company and is treated by the law as such."
I hope this gives you the idea.

An attribution test to reflect corporate reality would be a test (evaluation) to decide whether liability can be extended to a defendant who did not actually commit the criminal act, so if an employee has actually committed the criminal act, could the company be held liable?
Vicarious liability is the legal responsibility the supervising or authoritative party has to take for the mistakes or crimes committed by their subordinates.
This is different from strict liability, which is an unescapable legal liability, which the authorities impose in situations where the mistakes or crimes are hazardous, and the law punishes the one responsible, even if there was no criminal intent.
Turdimurod Rakhmanov (asker) Apr 4, 2023:
more explanation from the client (attribution tes) A test in this sense is an evaluation to resolve a question in legal proceedings. This evaluation is based on commonly used deciding factors and sometimes based on past court judgments which clarified the law and established principles (which are known as ‘test cases’). To give an example, when courts have to determine which law should apply to a particular dispute or issue, their evaluation (test) will be based on factors such as nationality, domicile, and habitual residence.
A ‘traditional’ test will be one that is traditionally (customarily or typically) used. Here, it considers whether a corporate entity can only be prosecuted if an individual (who is being prosecuted for a crime) is considered to be a "controlling mind" or a "directing mind and will" of the company.
The test for this was set out in the case of HL Bolton (Engineering) Co Ltd v TJ Grahams & Sons Ltd. This stated the following: "A company may in many ways be likened to a human body. It has a brain and nerve centre which controls what it does. It also has hands which hold the tools and act in accordance with directions from the centre.
Turdimurod Rakhmanov (asker) Mar 31, 2023:
The basis of attribution being claimed
Attribution test to reflect corporate reality
The attribution test is strict liability and set out Article х: liability may be imposed on companies when the criminal conduct is undertaken by company’s managers on the company’s behalf and in pursuit of its interests.
However, there is no imputation or attribution of the crime itself.
The attribution test is strict liability and set out Article х:t liability may be imposed on companies when the criminal conduct is undertaken by company’s managers on the company’s behalf and in pursuit of its interests.
Turdimurod Rakhmanov (asker) Mar 31, 2023:
отнесение крим. деяние к
Turdimurod Rakhmanov (asker) Mar 31, 2023:
внесение? может

Proposed translations

2 hrs

модели вменения

Действия физлиц вменяются ответчикам-юрлицам, так я это понял
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20 hrs

Модели атрибуции

"Models of attribution" - это концептуальные рамки, используемые для объяснения, каким образом юридическое лицо (корпорация) может нести уголовную ответственность за преступления, которые совершены от ее имени или в ее интересах.

В большинстве стран уголовное право было разработано для применения к физическим лицам (людям), поскольку оно предполагает, что лицо должно иметь сознательную вину, чтобы быть объявленным виновным в совершении преступления. Однако в последние десятилетия появилась потребность в применении уголовного права к корпоративным структурам, которые также могут совершать преступления. В связи с этим возникли различные модели атрибуции, которые позволяют определить, какие конкретные физические лица в корпорации могут быть связаны с преступлениями, совершенными от ее имени.

Например, одна из моделей атрибуции, используемых в юридической практике, - это модель "расширенной вины" (extended liability model), которая идентифицирует определенные физические лица внутри корпорации, чьи действия могут быть связаны с преступлением, даже если эти лица не имели намерения совершать преступление. В другой модели, называемой "моделью доминирующей воли" (dominant will model), ответственность за преступление несет тот, кто является главным органом управления корпорацией, и кто мог бы иметь контроль над совершением преступления.

Таким образом, модели атрибуции помогают определить, кто должен нести уголовную ответственность за преступления, совершенные от имени корпорации, и как их можно применить к физическим лицам внутри корпорации.
Example sentence:

The courts have developed various models of attribution to determine the liability of corporations for criminal offenses committed by their employees.

The extended liability model is one of the most commonly used models of attribution in corporate criminal law.

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2 days 11 hrs

модели юридической ответственности

https://new-disser.ru/product_info.php?products_id=951080

http://213.171.58.226:22289/Fmt6qU01/2018/Монография. Систем...
См., например: Дмитриева Л. А Психологические аспекты атрибуции юридической
ответственности // Вестн. Акад. Следств. комитета Рос. Федерации. 2017. № 2. С. 79–
82 ; Кузьмина Е. С., Кузьмин И. А. Социологические методы в юриспруденции (на
примере социально-правовых исследований юридической ответственности) // Социология и право. 2016. № 1. С. 59–65.

https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/attribut...

ATTRIBUTION AND THE LAW - CONVERGENCES BETWEEN LEGAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CONCEPTS
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