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Translation glossary: Chemitry II

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Laerte da Silva
Laerte da Silva
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ab initioLatin for \"from scratch\" or \"from first principles\". Means that all results are based on solutions of Schroedinger\'s Equation and the wavefunctio 
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absolute zerothe lowest possible temperature (-273.15°C). 
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absorptionthe process by which a substance is soaked up. 
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accelerationMeasure of how fast velocity is changing, so we can think of it as the change in velocity over time. The most common use of acceleration is accelerati 
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acida substance that can give a proton to another substance. Acids are compounds, containing hydrogen, that can attack and dissolve many substances. Acids 
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acid radicalthe negative ion left behind when an acid loses a hydrogen ion. Example: Cl- in hydrochloric acid (HCl). 
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acid saltAn acid salt contains at least one hydrogen ion and can behave as an acid in chemical reactions. Acid salts are produced under conditions that do not 
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acidicDescribes a solution with a high concentration of H cations. 
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acidic solutiona solution with a pH lower than 7. 
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aciditya general term for the strength of an acid in a solution. 
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activated charcoala form of carbon, made up of tiny crystals of graphite, which is made by heating organic matter in the absence of air. It is then processed further to 
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Activation EnergyThe amount of energy needed to allow a reaction to proceed. (aka energy hump or energy barrier). Needed to form transition structure. 
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activation energythe energy required to make a reaction occur. The greater the activation energy of a reaction, the more its reaction rate depends on temperature. The 
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adsorptionthe process by which a surface adsorbs a substance. The substances involved are not chemically combined and can be separated. Example: the adsorption 
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alchemythe traditional \'art\' of working with chemicals that prevailed through the Middle Ages. One of the main challenges for alchemists was to make gold f 
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alcoholan organic compound which contains a hydroxyl (OH) group. Example: ethanol (CH3CH2OH), also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol. 
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AlgorithmMathematical representation of the application: a mathematical model 
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alkali metalsa member of Group 1 of the Periodic Table. Example: sodium. 
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alkali/alkalinea base in (aqueous) solution. Alkalis react with, or neutralise, hydrogen ions in acids and have a pH greater than 7.0 because they contain relatively 
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alkaline cell (or battery)|alkaline cella dry cell in which the electrolyte contains sodium or potassium hydroxide. 
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alkaline earth metala member of Group 2 of the Periodic Table. Example: calcium. 
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alkanea hydrocarbon with no carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds. Example: ethane, C2H6. 
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alkenea hydrocarbon with at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. Example: ethene, C2H4. 
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alkynea hydrocarbon with at least one carbon-to-carbon triple bond. Example: ethyne, C2H2. 
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allotropesalternative forms of an element that differ in the way the atoms are linked. Example: white and red phosphorus. 
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alloya mixture of a metal and various other elements. Example: brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. 
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amalgama liquid alloy of mercury with another metal. 
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amorphousa solid in which the atoms are not arranged regularly (i.e. glassy). Compare crystalline. 
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AngstromUnit of distance. Bohr Radius in these units is a0=.529A 
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anhydrouslacking water; water has been removed, for example, by heating. Many hydrated salts are crystalline. (Opposite of anhydrous is hydrous or hydrated.) E 
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anionIons with a negative charge 
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anodeThe electrode where electrons are lost (oxidized) in redox reactions. 
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anodisinga process that uses the effect of electrolysis to make a surface corrosion resistant. Example: anodised aluminium. 
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antacida common name for any compound that reacts with stomach acid to neutralise it. Example: sodium hydrogen carbonate, also known as sodium bicarbonate. 
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Anti-Bredt structureGeometry which does not obey Bredt\'s rule, ie, has a double bond at a bridgehead position. See related terms \"Bredt\'s Rule\" 
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anti-bumping granulessmall glass or ceramic beads, designed to promote boiling without the development of large gas bubbles. 
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antioxidanta substance that reacts rapidly with radicals thereby preventing oxidation of some other substance. 
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ApplicationScientific situation being represented 
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aqueousa solution in which the solvent is water. Usually used as \'aqueous solution\'. Example: aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH(aq)). 
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ArchitectureComputing structure or platform used to execute the algorithm 
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areaMeasures the size of a surface using length measurements in two dimensions. 
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aromatic hydrocarbonscompounds of carbon that have the benzene ring as part of their structure. Examples: benzene (C6H6), naphthalene (C10H8). They are known as aromatic b 
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Aromatic, AromaticityIn organic chemistry, carbon which has bonds that are between single and double bonds. Eg, it has a bond with a delocalized electron. See also \"deloc 
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associativityA property in math which states that: (A+B)+C = A+(B+C) and (A*B)*C=A*(B*C) 
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atmospheresCommon units for measuring pressure. 
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atmospheric pressurethe pressure exerted by the gases in the air. Units of measurement are kilopascals (kPa), atmospheres (atm), millimetres of mercury (mm Hg) and Torr. 
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atomthe smallest particle of an element; a nucleus and its surrounding electrons. 
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atomic massthe mass of an atom measured in atomic mass units (amu). An atomic mass unit is equal to one-twelfth of the atom of carbon-12. Atomic mass is now more 
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atomic numberNumber of protons in an element. 
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Atomic orbitalRepresentation of the electron cloud surrounding an atom. Named by primary quantum number and shape, i.e. 1s, 2s, 2p 
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